Posts

KFT_ kidney function tests

-
๐Ÿงช Kidney Function Tests (KFT) – Types, Uses, and Normal Values ✅ Introduction Kidneys hamare body ke important organs hain jo blood se waste products filter karte hain, fluid balance maintain karte hain aur electrolytes ka level control karte hain. Agar kidneys properly kaam nahi kar rahi ho to doctor Kidney Function Tests (KFT) recommend karte hain. Ye ek group of blood tests hote hain jo kidney ki health check karne ke liye use kiye jate hain. ๐Ÿ” Why Kidney Function Tests Are Done? Kidney disease detect karne ke liye Diabetes aur high BP patients ke liye regular monitoring Urine output me problem hone par Swelling, fatigue, nausea, ya high creatinine suspicion hone par Dialysis ya kidney transplant patients ki monitoring ๐Ÿงฌ Important Kidney Function Tests 1. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Measures: Blood me urea nitrogen ka level Normal Range: 7 – 20 mg/dL High BUN = Kidney damage, dehydration, high protein diet Low BUN = Liver disease, malnutrition 2. Serum Cr...
Post a Comment
Read more

Typhoid in detail

-
 Typhoid Fever — Overview for Medical Students Definition: Typhoid fever is an acute, systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi). It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route and is common in areas with poor sanitation. If untreated, it can be life-threatening --- Etiology (Cause) Causative organism: Salmonella Typhi (gram-negative bacillus, motile, non-spore forming). Source: Humans are the only reservoir. Transmission: Contaminated food or water, direct contact with an infected person or chronic carrier. --- Pathophysiology 1. Ingestion of S. Typhi → survives gastric acid → reaches small intestine. 2. Invades intestinal mucosa → enters lymphatics → bloodstream. 3. Disseminates to liver, spleen, bone marrow → causes systemic infection. 4. Organisms re-enter intestine via bile → can cause intestinal ulceration. --- Incubation Period Usually 7–14 days (range: 3–60 days depending on dose of bacteria). --- Clinical Features Week-wi...
1 comment
Read more

Blood pressure

-
 Blood Pressure – An Essential Vital Sign What is Blood Pressure? Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. It’s an important indicator of heart health and overall circulation. Think of it like water flowing through a garden hose — if the pressure is too high, the hose can get damaged; if it’s too low, the water won’t reach the plants properly. In your body, the “hose” is your arteries, and the “water” is your blood. --- How is Blood Pressure Measured? Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded as two numbers: 1. Systolic Pressure (upper number) – the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood. 2. Diastolic Pressure (lower number) – the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats. Example: 120/80 mmHg (spoken as “120 over 80”). --- Normal & Abnormal Ranges Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal < 120 < 80 Elevated 120–129 < 80 High BP...
Post a Comment
Read more

What is Anemia

-
 Anemia – Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment What is Anemia? Anemia is a health condition in which the number of healthy red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all parts of the body. When hemoglobin levels are low, the body’s organs and tissues do not get enough oxygen, leading to tiredness and weakness. --- Causes of Anemia There are several reasons why anemia can occur, including: 1. Iron Deficiency – The most common cause, often due to poor diet, blood loss, or inability to absorb iron properly. 2. Vitamin Deficiency – Lack of Vitamin B12 or folate can reduce red blood cell production. 3. Blood Loss – Heavy periods, surgery, injury, or internal bleeding. 4. Chronic Diseases – Kidney disease, cancer, or other long-term illnesses. 5. Bone Marrow Problems – Disorders that affect blood cell production, such as aplastic anemia or leukemia. --- Symptoms of Anemia Common signs and s...
Post a Comment
Read more

What is the CANCER ?

-
Title: What is Cancer? Types, Causes, Symptoms & Prevention (เค•ैंเคธเคฐ เค•्เคฏा เคนै? เคช्เคฐเค•ाเคฐ, เค•ाเคฐเคฃ, เคฒเค•्เคทเคฃ เค”เคฐ เคฌเคšाเคต) Introduction Cancer is a disease where some cells in the body grow uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body. It can affect anyone, but early detection and treatment can save lives. Hindi: เค•ैंเคธเคฐ เคเค• เคเคธी เคฌीเคฎाเคฐी เคนै เคœिเคธเคฎें เคถเคฐीเคฐ เค•ी เค•ुเค› เค•ोเคถिเค•ाเคँ เค…เคจिเคฏंเคค्เคฐिเคค เคฐूเคช เคธे เคฌเคข़เคคी เคนैं เค”เคฐ เคถเคฐीเคฐ เค•े เค…เคจ्เคฏ เคนिเคธ्เคธों เคฎें เคซैเคฒ เคธเค•เคคी เคนैं। เคฏเคน เค•िเคธी เค•ो เคญी เคนो เคธเค•เคคा เคนै, เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคชเคฐ เคชเคนเคšाเคจ เค”เคฐ เค‡เคฒाเคœ เคธे เคœाเคจ เคฌเคšाเคˆ เคœा เคธเค•เคคी เคนै। --- Types of Cancer (เค•ैंเคธเคฐ เค•े เคช्เคฐเค•ाเคฐ) 1. Carcinomas (เค•ाเคฐ्เคธिเคจोเคฎा) English: Begin in the skin or tissues lining internal organs. Example: breast, lung, colon cancer. Hindi: เคฏเคน เคค्เคตเคšा เคฏा เค†ंเคคเคฐिเค• เค…ंเค—ों เค•ी เคชเคฐเคคों เคฎें เคถुเคฐू เคนोเคคा เคนै। เค‰เคฆाเคนเคฐเคฃ: เคฌ्เคฐेเคธ्เคŸ เค•ैंเคธเคฐ, เคซेเคซเคก़ों เค•ा เค•ैंเคธเคฐ, เค•ोเคฒเคจ เค•ैंเคธเคฐ। 2. Sarcomas (เคธाเคฐ्เค•ोเคฎा) English: Start in bone, cartilage, muscle, or fat. Example: osteosarcoma. Hindi: เคฏเคน เคนเคก्เคกिเคฏों, เค‰เคชाเคธ्เคฅि, เคฎांเคธเคชेเคถिเคฏों เคฏा เคšเคฐ्เคฌी เคฎें เคถुเคฐू เคนोเคคा เคนै। เค‰เคฆाเคนเคฐเคฃ: เค‘เคธ्เคŸिเคฏोเคธाเคฐ्เค•ोเคฎा। 3. Leukemias (เคฒ्เคฏूเค•ेเคฎिเคฏ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Medical knowledge

-
 Hemoglobin What is hemoglobin ? Hemoglobin – Structure, Function, and Importance Introduction Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells (RBCs) that plays a vital role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body and carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. It is essential for maintaining proper oxygen levels in the body and supporting life. --- Structure of Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is made up of iron and a protein called globin. It has four protein chains (two alpha and two beta chains), each containing a heme group. The heme group contains an iron atom that binds to oxygen, giving hemoglobin its red color. --- Normal Hemoglobin Levels The normal hemoglobin levels vary depending on age, gender, and health condition: Men: 13.8 – 17.2 g/dL Women: 12.1 – 15.1 g/dL Children: 11 – 16 g/dL Pregnant women: 11 – 12 g/dL --- Low Hemoglobin (Anemia) Low hemoglobin levels can lead to a condition called anemia, which may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue...
Post a Comment
Read more